Thomas Hobbes views on Hate Crimes Research Paper

Thomas Hobbes views on Hate Crimes - Research Paper Example In relation to this, aversion refers to the state of being repelled by the object that one hate and this refers to the presence of the object, which in turn leads to the hate for the object (Herbert 98). The above is a strong view on hate crimes in that it is based on this that he is able to place a distinct definition to depict the difference between love and hate, and how the two relate to one another. This is by definition of the presence and absence of all the aspects of an object or the object in its entirety to e hated or loved. As such, hatred is the presence of that which one would like to avert from, as well as the presence of aspects that are of negative appeal to the person in question. Hobbes view goes as far as stating that without the presence of order in an indefinite manner is likely to cause the perpetration of conduct and actions that people please to do. With this in mind, the crimes of hate are brought out in terms of the presence of order, in which case order is meant to restrict the general overview of hate in relation to aversion and the presence of undesirable elements in an aspect of an object or the object as a whole. As a result, Hobbes is of the view that laws or orders are the determinant of the perpetration of hate crimes, in which case they are used and are meant to act as restrictions towards people’s behaviors by constraining their desires (Vaughan 61). This is in relation to what they find pleasant or unpleasant, in which case order is the ultimate determinant of human behavior, where it dictates that which can be liked and to what extent. In addition, it determines what can be done and that, which cannot be done in relation to the hatred of the events that culminate in the hatred and what relates to the hatred occurring towards an object. As a result, Hobbes is of the view it is order that blocks unfavorable human conduct in relation to hate crimes making order the one way that hate crimes are avoided, and even eliminat ed altogether. In addition, the crimes of hate, according to Hobbes, morality is the main aspect that determines the application of love and hate, in which case, the two are based on being fit. As such, the fittest means to conduct life is termed to be the promotion of personal wellbeing, where this is the consequent of the derivation of morality from prudence (Replogle 571). This is to mean that Hobbes view on crimes of hatred is the presence of logic and morality to direct the behavior of a person as it is through logic, or rather reason that a person can direct him or herself in a responsible manner. Responsibility, according to Hobbes, is conduct that appealing to the logic of the social environment, in which case it is the social environment that determines the correctness and wrongness of one’s conduct (Michaelis 105). In addition, it is according to reason that crimes of hatred can be corrected as man can be shaped or influenced by the same environment to conform to it s moral standards, or even come up with his or her own moral codes that are based on prudence, reason and logic. As such, he brings up his view on the role of the society on influencing hate crimes, as a gauge for right and

Warbings case study, Answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Warbings case study, Answer - Essay Example Equity theory of motivation suggests that all employees must be given rewards according to their individual contributions. Equitable distribution of rewards leads to maximized performance. SMART objectives must be designed (Specific, Measurable w/Measurement, Achievable, Relevant, Time-Oriented) through implementation of reward system. According to Total Rewards theory (TowersWatson 2014): â€Å"Employers can better align rewards with employee preferences to †¦ promote specific behaviors and drive higher productivity.† Off-the-job training, on-the-job training, coaching, mentoring, group/lecture training, and computer-based training (CBT), are some of the formal training forms that are meant to increase the proficiencies of employees, so that they help the employers achieve their milestones (Sarwar, Azhar & Akhtar 2011). Koster, Grip, and Fourage (2011) found that, as predicted by human capital theory and social exchange theory, the contribution of employees in general training encouraged job persistence. Koster, F., Grip, A., & Fouarge, D., 2011. Does perceived support in employee development affect personnel turnover? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol.22, no.11, pp. 2403-2418. DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2011.584404 Murayama, K., Matsumoto, M., Izuma, K., & Matsumoto, K., 2010. Neural basis of the undermining effect of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.107, pp.20911-2091. Sarwar, S., Azhar, M.S., & Akhtar, N., 2011. Impact of training patterns upon the social relations of employees (a meta analysis). Journal of Management Research, vol.3, no.2, pp. 1-20. DOI:

Aristotle's Pursuit of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aristotle's Pursuit of Happiness - Essay Example Another example person who looks for the pleasure through eating must find the mean between gluttony and starvation. The Greek word eudaimonia is usually understood as the translation for â€Å"happiness†. The problem is that happiness is usually perceived with a subjective mental state, as when one claims to be happy enjoying a dozen cans of cool beer on a searing day, or is having enjoyment with friends. On the other hand, Aristotle believes that ideal of happiness is the ultimate end that covers the entirety of any human being’s life. Happiness is not something that can be achieved or discarded in the temporariness of time like that found in pleasurable sensations. Happiness is more likened to the importance of an individual’s life as lived up and measuring how well one has lived up to his or her full potential. It is because of this reason that an individual cannot really make any statement regarding whether he or she has achieved a life of happiness until it has ended.   Aristotle thinks that the most significant reason in the endeavor to accomplish happiness is to practice and cultivate good moral character or virtue ethics. It should be noted, however, that being virtuous is not something that is gained passively. ... The achievement of these various endeavors would lead to the perfection of human nature and enrichment of life. This involves any person to make decisions, some of which may be easier said than done. Most of the time, the lesser goods bring the assurance of instant enjoyment and more appealing, while the greater good more tasking and likely demands some degree of patience and perseverance. For example, it is likely to be easier and more enjoyable to spend the night going to the pub and have some booze and fun, but knowing that it will be better off if dealing for a project in which the due date is the next day. Improvement for a good character demands a strong will in doing what is right, even in the most testing challenges and situations. What this means is that the rational part of the soul should control the rational part (Stumpf, 94). It would be understandable then that Aristotle is highly critical of the culture of instant satisfaction which seems to be predominant way of life in the modern world today. To be able to attain the lifestyle of complete virtue, an individual needs to make right decisions by taking to account the future ultimate result as a whole. Happiness will not be achieved simply by indulging the pleasures at the whims of temporariness. Since the passions are capable of a wide range of action, all the way from too little to too much, a person must discover the proper meaning of excess and defect and thereby discover the appropriate mean (94). However, this undertaking is a task most individuals will find hard overcome in themselves. Eventually, the virtue ethics of Aristotle will bring the awareness to the concept of  akrasia, which means the weakness of the will. Most often than not, the irresistible prospect of some great

Connex Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Connex Market Research - Essay Example en the system was established, it was set up under assumptions and predictions made for stricter working hours and it is for the same reason that express trains were rarely run. However, express services had to be introduced as time passed and the 1970s saw a major revamping of the Melbourne Train System. These changes were welcomed by commuters and the 1980s and 1990s saw an increasing number of people choosing to take the train rather than to drive to their destinations (Morphet, 2008). However, the system was not designed to meet an exponential increase in passenger demand and had to be stretched in its functioning in order to cope with the same. Issues began to develop in scenarios where train paths crossed each other and express trains had to share tracks as well as junctions, causing delays to take place. Considering the nature of the train system, it is evident that a single delayed train can cause a chain reaction of delays for other trains as well. Once a delay occurs or a train is taken off operation, it causes an increase in the number of passengers trying to board an individual train, causing an increase in the time required for passengers to get on and off the trains. This time is also often referred to as Dual Time (Middeldorp & Klop, 2005). The increase in dual time causes trains to take longer at each station, causing even more increased delays. It is therefore clear that the implications in the case of a single delay in the train transport system are very similar to a Domino Effect. Needless to say, there is a strong need for safety to remain uncompromising at all times but it is imperative to note that unless a balance between safety and efficiency is maintained, the train begins to lose its utility as a commuting mean. On January 28, rail commuters in Melbourne found themselves facing what came to them as nothing less than an odyssey when they discovered that nearly 200 trains had been cancelled, bringing a halt to services on three lines.

Penn State Scandal Essay Example for Free

Penn State Scandal Essay In this paper I will discuss what the ethical issue is, (and) definitions surrounding the allegations of sexual abuse, by the former Defensive Coordinator, Jerry Sandusky, who had the moral and ethical responsibility to report the incident to the proper authorities, and whether the incident was reported in a timely manner. The origin, values, ethics, honesty, and where a person grew up play an important part of an individual’s character. The definition of right and wrong varies from person to person. While I was growing up I believed that criminal justice meant an eye for an eye. As some people grow older his or her definition changed to, if an individual commits a crime, he or she should be held accountable for his or her actions. However; the punishment should fit the crime and be severe enough so the individual will learn from his or her mistake. A Pennsylvania (Penn) state assistant, Mike McQueary, claims to have witnessed Jerry Sandusky raping a ten-year-old boy in the shower (The New York Times, 2012). Sandusky (former Defensive Coordinator) was a wellrespected member of the Penn State community and good friend to Joe Paterno (former Head Coach). McQueary reported the crime immediately to Paterno. In response to the allegation, both McQueary, and Paterno reported the rape to Administrators Tim Curley (former Athletic Director) and Gary Schultz (former Vice President of Business and Finance) (The New York Times, 2012). The issue is at no time was the crime reported to police authorities. The allegation was simply brushed underneath the rug by several individuals. A crime of this magnitude should be have been reported to the proper authorities followed with legal actions. If this happens at such a prestegeous college, then what’s happening in others? I am very concerned that this may be happening somewhere else right now. I shouldn’t have to worry this, this shouldn’t be happening period. Works Cited Joe Paterno. News. The New York Times, 09 Oct. 2012. Web.

Essay 3 Carl Jung Essay Example for Free

Essay 3 Carl Jung Essay This essay will investigate and outline Carl Jung’s theory of personality types, by detailing each types and how they can shape a person. It will look at the origins and characteristics of the attitudes and functions and show how this can be linked to psychological disturbance. This essay will look at theorists that are for and against the approach in order to come to a conclusion of how either successful or unsuccessful they are to help a client reach there own personal goals. It is important to note that Carl Jung worked very closely with Sigmund Freud in  the early stage of his research, and was highly influenced by his companions work, however, both theorists were very different in their thoughts of therapist theory. Freud was concerned with the clients past, whereas Jung’s work was aimed at looking into the clients future. Freud also believed that human motivation was focused on human sexuality, whereas Jung was believed that motivation is caused by psychic energy. Even though Freud did extensive work on the subconscious, Jung believed that there was a deeper level to the  unconscious then Freud, he called this the ‘collective unconscious’. ‘Jung agreed with Freud that a person’s past and childhood experiences determined future behavior; he also believed that we are shaped by our future (aspirations) too’. (http://www. simplypsychology. org/carl- jung. html; 06. 10. 2014) Jung’s idea of the ‘collective unconscious’ can be seen as a collection of unconscious thoughts amongst individuals that ultimately will not be conscious, as the thoughts have not yet been experienced by the individual. Jung believed that peoples experiences and behaviors are shaped by this. Jung called the units of the collective unconscious ‘archetypes’ which he described as peoples untaught tendencies to experience things differently. Jung speculated that as we go through life we do so by going through a sequence of stages caused by a set of ‘archetypal imperatives’ that are shaped by behavior and personality. For example, each individual’s personality is made up of the ‘persona’. The persona is the mask that people wear in order to face the worlds social standards that make us act in a certain way. Jung identified that the  persona is developed in childhood when a child is learning to conform to parental approval. Jung said that individuals that believe their mask to be real might not really know whom or what there true self is, and can cause mental illnesses if not identified. Jung described the ‘shadow’ archetype as the element that helps an individual from forgetting their true self and even though a shadow can be seen as representing a dark side to the personality that maybe unwanted or disapproved by the individual it is this that controls the ‘ego’ and the ‘persona’. ‘The archetype is a symbolic formula which always begins to function when there are no conscious ideas present, or when conscious ideas are inhibited for external or internal reasons’ (C. G. Jung; 1960;Volume Six, Psychological Types; Routledge; Page 377) Jung saw the ‘self’ as an archetype of an individuals whole personality and described this as an individual living to their full potential. He believed that wholeness is the most important aim in life and is only achieved by a person’s individualism and the realisation that they are unique. This discovery of ones  self-realisation is a process that is when an individual looks inside themselves and finally see the world through a better vision. Jung’s research gave him reason to believe that an individual’s personality changes and develops throughout their life, with an influx of social influences. Jung’s theory of ‘personality types’ is based on the concept that people are motivated by their future goals, with an aim to develop themselves in their future life. Jung based his personality types on many other theorists who also researched this area. He specifically based his research on the way that individuals approach reality, and that persons type is the basis on how each individual has learned to communicate. He based each ‘personality type’ into four letters, each of which represented two conflicting behaviour choices. The combination of these letters amounts to sixteen personality types. The first letter represents people’s attitude in regards to how they see themselves and the external environment around them. The first letter can either begin with and ‘E’ for ‘Extrovert’, or ‘I’ for ‘Introvert’. Jung believed that ‘Extroverts’ aim their attention and interests outwards into society in a belief that the people around them recognise and respond to the individual’s life. They need interaction with other in order to fulfil their external expectations. Jung discovered that if the individual’s personality is too extroverted then the individual might fail to play up to what society requires from them and fail to identify their own needs if their ‘extroverted’ behaviour is not recognised by others. If you take an extravert you will find his unconscious has an introverted  quality, because all the extraverted qualities are played out in his consciousness and the introverted are left in the unconscious. (Jung in McGuire Hull, 1977, p. 342) Jung’s research on ‘Introverts’ show a totally different view on a person’s personality and how they view and relate to social expectations. An ‘introvert’ holds social standards and expectations inwards, and believe their own points of view and general thoughts describe what societies expectations mean to them. In other words, ‘Introverts’ give value to there own viewpoint. When an ‘introvert’ individual is in a social situation they do so by interacting on their own terms and therefore can sometimes become unable to communicate their own opinions and views with others. ‘Inferior introverted feeling typically manifests in a conscious attitude that is more or less impersonal. That is why this type may come across as cold and unfriendly; they are simply more interested in the facts than in what effect their attitude may have on others’ (Sharpe, Daryl; 19987; Personality Types – Jungs model of Typology; Inner City Books; Page 48). The next two letters in Jung’s personality types represent two functions that individuals use in their everyday life. One is the ‘perceiving’ function and the other is the ‘judging’ function. The ‘perceiving’ function in the letters is shown as the letter ‘S’ for sensation, and the other is the letter ‘N’ for Intuition. The ‘perceiving’ element is when we encounter new experiences that are unforeseeable, in other words, new situations. The ‘S’ or ‘N’ indicate how a person chooses to take in and respond to this information. The ‘Sensation’ type will accumulate information by centering their interests on what if directly in front of them. This ‘direct’ focus means this type can respond by awareness of facts and appearances. They draw their attention to the environment that is directly around them draw sensations from these. Jung said that the ‘S’ type could relate their immediate experiences to events that have occurred in the past; they tend to be very observant individuals who are influenced by information from their senses in their environment. Jung thought  that these individuals can sometimes reply too deeply on life’s immediate and materiality. ‘Sensation is an irregular function, because it is orientated not by a logical process of judgment but simply by what is and what happens, whereas the extraverted sensation type is guided by the intensity of objective influences’. (Sharpe, Daryl; 19987; Personality Types – Jungs model of Typology; Inner City Books; Page 79) The ‘N’ type uses new information my evaluating all their thoughts possible. They have a huge imagination that chooses to ignore the materialistic surface of  aspects of live, but focus on the ‘bigger picture’. The ‘Intuitive’ will try and find the meaning and future possibilities and not focus on details and factual information as the ‘S’ type would. The can sometimes be so engaged in the meaning that they can oversee the present situation. This type takes new information by looking into the future and what the outcomes may represent to themselves and their lives. They don’t necessarily see what it is, but rather what it may be. This type is very imaginative and is always dreaming about the future  and how to push for change. This type can easily jump to conclusions and make rash decision, and can even be said to confuse fact with reason. ‘Sensation and intuition are the information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. Individuals who prefer the sensation function are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come â€Å"out of nowhere. ’ (Myers, Isabel Briggs with  Peter B. Myers (1980, 1995). Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. Page 45) Jungs’s next set of letter represent how we judge. The letter ‘T’ for ‘Thinking’ and the letter ‘F’ for ‘Feeling’. The judging use is how individuals observe and organize their lives behavior. These letter look at how individuals relate to their social surroundings before they act upon them. The ‘Thinker’ is a type that will use new information in a logical manner, and may tend to be a rule follower that follows social standards. These are the types that have to follow a set order and will categorise information. These types relate with their world with a clear picture as to what ‘will’ happen. They can over analyse that can sometimes distort the truth of the situation. Jung described ‘Feelers’ as individuals that organise information that is new to them on a personal level. They do this by organising their behaviour to a personal way that shares their morals that can be identified with other individuals. ‘Feelers’ have a tendency to make their judgements based on their feelings that is important to the individual; they make their judgements known to others around them and give rise to others responses that form part of their ‘external environment’. It is this personality type that prefers to create their reality with a general consensus with the interaction of others around them. This can sometimes make them reply too much on their feelings and make them dependant on the way they display themselves socially, causing the main aim to be socially accepted and not actually giving themselves any personal satisfaction. ‘Thinking and feeling are the decision-making (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer the thinking function tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer the feeling function tend to come to decisions byassociating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it â€Å"from the inside† and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. ’ (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personality_type#cite_note-Myers-15; 10. 10. 2014) The forth letter of Jung’s personality type is what indicates the external factors of everyday life function. The letter ‘P’ represents ‘Perceiving’ and the letter ‘J’ represents ‘Judging’. Jung believed perceivers to be individuals that are more likely to rely on their  intuition and their experiences as they happen. This is the kind of type that tends to ‘live in the now’ and are totally aware of situations that need a response in an immediate fashion. They are the type that is against a situation where they need to follow set plans and organizations for events. Sensory P types are the sort of personality that are likely to interact physically with the environment around them, which is the opposite of ‘P’ types who see what in front of them and try and make sense of what is means, or in other wise examine situations to  understand what the big picture may be. ‘Perceiving simply what is sensation see’s what is sensation sees what is in the external world, intuition sees (or what we might say â€Å"pick ups†) what is in the inner world’. (Sharpe, Daryl; 19987; Personality Types – Jungs model of Typology; Inner City Books; Page 16) Jung thought ‘Judgers’ to be individuals that rely on rational thinking. This personality type is more than likely to organise for plans and activities and believe that they can predict what is likely to happen in such events. However, if  this type is found to be in a situation that is totally unpredictable than it more than like to cause them discomfort and even become quite irritable as they are not prepared for the event and do not have a set structure to follow. Thinking ‘J’ types relate to the standards that society has created by logically thinking and analysing in regard sot cause and effect. Feeling ‘J’ types are aware of values that they share with others and therefore look at information in a personal way in regards to social relationships. ‘Judging and Perceiving preferences, within the context of personality  types, refers to our attitude towards the external world, and how we live our lives on a day-to-day basis. People with the Judging preference want things to be neat, orderly and established. The Perceiving preference wants things to be flexible and spontaneous. Judgers want things settled, Perceivers want thing open-ended. Judging and Perceiving preferences, within the context of personality types, refers to our attitude towards the external world, and how we live our lives on a day-to-day basis. People with the Judging preference want things to be neat, orderly and established. The  Perceiving preference wants things to be flexible and spontaneous. Judgers want things settled, Perceivers want thing open-ended. (https://www. personalitypage. com/four-prefs. html#JP; 09. 10. 2104) The forth letter of Jung’s personality type theory represents an individuals higher function that relates to how they interact with the world. It conveys an extrovert function that helps set goals and what helps this type to blend in with society. This forth letter shows how our ‘inferior’ function is formed to use our inner reflection on how we interpret life experiences relative to our own self needs. Jung believed that the ‘P’ type extrovert uses there judging function for their inner thoughts. The thinking ‘P’ type inwardly looks at an image of all relationships in a logical way, like a systematic approach. The feeling ‘P’ type sense their own thoughts and values on their choices or intuition, however this can be somewhat difficult for type and they may find it difficult to convey or express directly. ‘J’ type personalities who are extrovert in regard sot their judging function implement their perceiving function for their inner (introvert)  reflections. ‘Sensation’ ‘J’ types hold their information of the physical external environment, mostly if this information is appealing to them on a personal level. The intuitive ‘J’ type will relate to the meaning of this new information. From the investigation of Jungs ‘Personality type’ theory I can see that by knowing a clients personality type can prove a useful tool in relation to helping the client map out their future goals. When a clients comes in the therapy it is usually for a reason, and they will tell you what is happening in their ‘present’ situation. The Jungarian styles it would appear that the clients would tell their life story, once the therapist understands the client’s point of view they can then help the client understand what issues they are impending. Once this has been established then the client and the counselor can then start to move forward to their journey to make goals and implement them. Goals act as a good basis for the therapist and client to see how the counseling is progressing. By understanding what personality type the client is the therapist can then relate to the clients issues and offer solutions. It is also very useful to  ensure that at the beginning of therapy that the therapist determines what the clients expectations are of therapy, and find out what their beliefs and values are and what there views are on their present situation. Once this is determined then the therapist can then see what the client wants to achieve and then help them move on to the level that they can. Carl Jungs research into personality types can offer an understanding for the therapist to see a clients sense of self. With that information the therapist can then set out goals that are achievable for the client to do as they wish in the  future. An aspect that is not looked at is the ‘emotional’ aspect towards situations. A theorist called Hans Eysenck also looked into the theory of ‘extroverts’ and ‘introverts. He concluded that an extrovert is someone who has a strong inhibition that and they can react to situations calmly. ‘Introverts’ can be self-conscious and because of this trait become more alert and maybe edgy in some situations. Eysenck discovered it was important to look at the interaction of emotions with ‘extroverts’ and ‘introverts’ when helping individuals. ‘British psychologist Hans Eysenck developed a model of personality based upon just three universal trails: Introversion/Extraversion, Neuroticism/Emotional Stability and Psychoticism’ (http://psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/trait- theory. htm; 10. 10. 2014) I can see that understanding personality types is just one aspect or guideline for a therapist to use in helping their client set and achieve goals. It is down to the therapist they decide that this is useful with the client they are presented with or not.

Environmental Capability Evaluation for Tourism Development

Environmental Capability Evaluation for Tourism Development Environmental capability evaluation for tourism Development in Ilam Township using RS GIS Shamsollah Asgari*1, Mehdi, Nikseresht2, Mohammad Faraji Darabkhani3, Mehdi Ahmadi4 Abstract: Industrial Tourism is today the attention of many Governments. And now one of the most profitable sectors of the global economy is. Tourism industry on the national employment rate, income, consumption, and investment has positive effects. Relate to target tourists, tourism have been classified into different types, one of which is ecotourism. Ecotourism is now a small part of the total of Industrial Tourism. In this research, using Boolean logical model of ecotourism-prone area of Ilam city has been identified. Therefore the information layer contains map height levels, zoning of the slope, vegetation, water sources, were prepared. And then by combine the layers overlap and information in GIS environment. Then based GIS layer the suitable zone to development of ecotourism in Ilam Township was indentified. The result of research showed, that much more attractive areas are located in the north and center of the area and the South East. These areas have vegetation and natural forests, water resources and good climatic conditions. As well as Areas with low attraction be located in the South and West area. Keywords: Environmental capability, tourism Development, Ilam Township, RS, GIS. 1. INTRODUCTION Developing tourism as a business has a great impact on strengthening communities’ economic foundation. Tourism, as a source of new jobs, incomes, taxes, exchanging and strengthening social infrastructure, will grow and boost other civil industries (Lankford Howard, 1994; 122). Most of the developing countries are now in favor of developing tourism industry (KO Stewart, 2002; 523). In recent decades, the importance of tourism has internationally been increased from the viewpoint of the number of tourists who arrive in the target areas and the way it affects on the local economy (Pigozzi B. and Sambrook R Thomas R.). However, it must be noted that the improvement of tourism quality should not threaten the sustainable development of the industry, itself (Haiyan S. 2005 Papatheodorou A.). Ecotourism should be considered as a part of sustainable tourism. Ecotourism is an applied tool to support sustainable development (Ceballos, 1998, Lascurain), something which is expected to pl ay a major role in boosting development process and of course conserving tourism target areas. Ecotourism development will be achieved if it combines with other factors including cooperation among tourists, residents and local managers (Ceballos, 1998, Lascurain). Wrong assessments about both environment and ecotourism destinations will cause various problems in understanding the real damages in the tourism target areas. However, here are a few practical assessments, which have been conducted in various regions. It should be said that at the moment some standards and criteria are still on the verge of developing (Ross, 1999 Wall). Traditional approaches based on inappropriate law and regulation has had harsh consequences on local residents living in tourism target areas (Heinen, 1996, McNeely, 2001; Wells Brandon, 1992). This may lead to negative interaction between locals and park zone authorities (Brandon, 2001; Hackel, 1999). Managing the target areas successfully, will not be a chieved unless authorities cooperate, connect and support local communities (Gurung, 1995). Authorities should allow local communities to be involved in controlling tourism protected areas. Authorities should also use proposals local communities offer for protecting areas with high tourism potentials (Alpert, 1996). In order to meet such standards, many plans and programs have been adopted all over the world. Protecting Ecosystem and preserving wildlife has been considered as a high priority matter across the world (Fennell and Weaver, 2005). Eco-system could cause more benefit for the local residents. It also could attract international support for preserving protected areas. Ecotourism can be regarded as a major solution for economic problems and problems tourism target areas are challenging with. It also plays a major role in global economic growth, especially in the developing countries. Tourism improvement basically stands on the consistency, attention and accompanying with the nature along with preserving and boosting main infrastructures in areas with high tourism potentials. However, mismanagements in tourism industry will cause negative effects in the pre-determined standards in the local areas with high tourism capacities. Ecotourism can create benefits for local residents and can also attracted international support for protection regions(Fennel, 2005). Hence the support and participation of local people is essential to create a sustainable ecotourism) Yoon, 2001). And development of ecotourism should increase the maximum participation of local communities in the conservation of natural areas (Cooke, 1982). Today, the phenomenon of tourism and ecotourism, in terms of its abundant income, many of the worlds countries have it that the contributing in this industry (Tremblay, 2004) Ecotourism means a trip to different regions of the country and of different communities, natural and cultural monuments(Wight, 1994). 2. CASE STUDY ilam County with an area of 400,000 square kilometers less than one percent of the total area of the country was including, in the West and southwest of the country, between 31  ° to 34  ° and 58 minutes and 15 minutes north latitude and 45 degrees 24 minutes and up to 48 degrees 10 minutes East along the meridian is located relative to GMT (fig1). 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. PROBABILISTIC BOOLEAN LOGIC AND WELL FORMED FORMULAE Informally, probabilistic Boolean formulae—like their deterministic counterparts—can be constructed from the Boolean constants 0, 1, Boolean variables, and probabilistic Boolean operators: probabilistic disjunction, probabilistic conjunction and probabilistic negation. Probabilistic disjunction, conjunction and negation will be represented by the symbols _p,^q and  ¬r respectively, where p, q, r are the corresponding probability parameters or probabilities of correctness. The probabilities of correctness associated with the disjunction, conjunction and negations operators are such that 1 2 _ p, q, r _ 1 and p, q, r 2 Q, the set of rationales. Initially, for clarity of exposition and for a model of finite cardinality, we consider only rational probabilities of correctness. We seek the indulgence of the reader and will defer a more detailed discussion of the justification underlying our choice of considering rational probabilities, to Section 3. A pair of probabilistic operators, say in the case of probabilistic disjunction, _p,_ˆp, will be deemed identical whenever p = ˆp. They will be considered to be comparable whenever p 6= ˆp. Similarly for probabilistic conjunction and negation. Analogous to well-formed Boolean formulae, well formed probabilistic Boolean formulae are defined as follows: (1) Any Boolean variable x, y, z, and the constants 0,1 are well formed probabilistic Boolean formulae2. (2) If F, G are well formed probabilistic Boolean formulae, (F _p G), (F ^p G) and ( ¬pF) are well formed Probabilistic Boolean formulae. Henceforth, we will use the term probabilistic Boolean formula, or pbf to refer to a well-formed probabilistic Boolean formula and the term Boolean formula (bf) to refer to a classical well formed Boolean formula (which is deterministic). In addition, the length of a probabilistic Boolean formula is the number of operator’s n in the formula. Given a pbf F, we will use varF to denote the set of variables in F. If varF = _, that is if F is a formula over Boolean constants, F will be referred to as a closed well-formed Probabilistic Boolean formula or a closed pbf. 3.2. Data and analysis In this study the surface height maps, digital elevation model map of (DEM) with a spatial resolution 90*90(cell size 90) of the map, digital elevation model (DEM) was selected for the whole country. The digital elevation model map of ilam DEM map in GIS environment was developed then categories. The maps used in this research are: topography, slop, vegetation, land use, hydrology, and water resource. After the analysis of the environment GIS, Using Booleans were weighted, and the final map was prepared and the Environmental capability evaluation area has been determined. 4. RESULT AND DISSCUSION 4.1. Suitable area to mounting The suitable area to mounting in the research, that s the high more of 1800 meter and slop between 20 and 70 percent are the suitable area for mounting. Less 8 percent of the total is suitable to mounting. These areas are more great heights mountain ( Manesht Mountain, gchan, ghlarang and are included) and these area be located in the South and South-East of the city(fig2). 4.2. Suitable zones for hillside climbing This area of the 16% of the total area of area is included, which has a height of more than 800 and less 2050 and has a slope of between 20 to 70 percent. The annual average temperature of the area is between 12  ° and 20 c. And the amount of rainfall between 400 and 900 mm variable. 80 percent of zone is covered by Forest areas. This zone is located in the northern and central of ilam township . These areas are not included, only mounting more than 2050 mm (North and Central Highlands) and parts of the south area then are covered to slope of the low that has low rainfall and vegetation (fig3). 4.3. Suitable zones for water sports, swimming, and fishing the area more dispersed and about 4/12 percent of the total area is included and the surrounding area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹1,500 meters of water resource and springs, rivers and lakes are included (fig4). 4.4. Suitable zones for family camping Areas suitable for ecotourism include areas that have suitable vegetation and beautiful perspectives. The range of 3/35 of the total area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the zoning is included. This range has a wide level of oak forests dense and dense vegetation, and having permanent springs and rivers can be a good place for ecotourism. These areas generally include the northern portion of the township (And the beautiful forest park Dalahoo, Tajarin, Bankol , Hyanan tight, Meshkhas and Ilam dam basin are included). Rare plant and animal species present along with unique vegetation in some areas (manesht) and dense forest and natural beautiful including perspectives (A massive reef, amp, deep canyons, faults, caves, natural) Includes the tourist attraction in this zone (fig5). 4.5. Suitable zone for nature therapy This zone includes areas that are located near the spa springs, these areas include spas in the area including (Dshtlg and tang Bijar ) About 0/7% of the total area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the city are included. The spa springs with a temperature of about 50  ° c and therapeutic mud pools around them has led the natural springs be importance of special mud therapy, This therapeutic properties for rheumatism, allergy, boils, wounds, as well as broken bones and soreness can be very effective(fig6). 4.6. Suitable zones for winter sports Ilam County has high mountains. Altitude of over 2000 meters, less than 2% of the city can be include. But the mountains of the township, such as the kaber khoh, manesht, gchan, ghlarang, Sivan have a height of more than 2600 meters. Much precipitation as snow in winter, Due to a thick layer of snow in the mountains is the creation and capacity winter activities at least until the end of June; suitable area for winter sports in the township, about 51/1 percent of the total area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the city is included (fig7). 5. The results of the overlapping layers of information on Boolean logic model The range of number 0: This range of ecotourism in zoning the township lacks none of the ecotourism activities. This area of the 27% of the total area of the area are includes. In fact, 27% of the total area of the city lacked the potential for ecotourism activities. Due to the low slope and height less than 800 meters apart from areas that are at the margins of rivers and springs, There are no potential to ecotourism activates in this area. 5.1. The range of number 1: the area has been the potential for one ecotourism activities such as climbing, winter sport or water sport. This area of more than 37% of the township area is included. 5.2. The range of number 2: the area has been the potential for two ecotourism activities. The altitudinal range of this area is between 800 to 2000meter this area is about 26% of the total area of the township are included. 5.3. The range of number 3: the area has been the potential for three ecotourism activities, this zone across the mountain range and the Northern County has been high and the potential for ecotourism activities such as mountaineering, trekking, cave view the natural landscape, the winter sports and ecotourism, and camping. This area of about 6% of the total City area is included. 5.4. The range of number 4: the area has been the potential for four ecotourism activities, having potential for ecotourism activities such as climbing, winter sport, view natural perspectives, winter sports and ecotourism. This area is less than one percent of the total area is includes (fig8). 6. CONCLUSION According to what is passed on the basis of the results obtained from the analysis of the data and the findings of research. However 70% of the total area of the township of Ilam, there is enough potential for the six basic activity. In this zoning that Obtained via Overlapping layers of information, Such as digital elevation models, slope, vegetation, and hydrology and land capability. E ecological capability in six ecotourism activities was identified. Among the six mentioned activities, ecotourism family with more than 35% had the greatest extent. This is due to the high mountains and density of vegetation and forest in area. Mountain climbing as well as domain due to congestion in the city and That covers most of the mountains are forested and have been a good slope for this exercise, With 24% of span Second place is allocated. Winter sports and Nature therapy with less than 2 percent lowest among these activities.